sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl gnupg -y
sudo install -m 0755 -d /etc/apt/keyrings
curl -fsSL https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/debian/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg
echo \
  "deb [arch="$(dpkg --print-architecture)" signed-by=/etc/apt/keyrings/docker.gpg] https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/debian \
  "$(. /etc/os-release && echo "$VERSION_CODENAME")" stable" | \
  sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io docker-buildx-plugin docker-compose-plugin -y
systemctl status docker

原文地址：https://blog.ysbzcn.com/posts/docker-newest/index.html#2-2%E3%80%81%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-apt-%E5%AD%98%E5%82%A8%E5%BA%93%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85